随着对火星的探索不断深入，这颗红色星球逐渐揭示出其神秘的面貌。从古代文明对火星的命名，到现代科学对其地质与气候的研究，火星不仅是太阳系中最引人注目的行星之一，也是人类探索宇宙的关键目标之一。本文将探讨火星的基本特征、地质构造以及潜在的水资源情况，旨在为读者提供全面的火星知识。
With Earth, Venus and other planets, Mars is the fourth one from the sun. Befitting the Red Planet’s bloody color, the Romans named it after their god of war. In truth, the Romans copied the ancient Greeks, who also named the planet after their god of war, Ares. Other civilizations also typically gave the planet names based on its color — for example, the Egyptians named it “Her Desher”, meaning “the red one”, while ancient Chinese astronomers dubbed it “the fire star”.
The bright rust (锈) color Mars is known for is due to iron-rich minerals in its regolith (表皮土) — the loose dust and rock covering its surface. According to NASA, the iron minerals oxidize, or rust, causing the soil to look red. The cold, thin atmosphere means liquid water likely cannot exist on the Martian surface for any length of time.
The Red Planet is home to both the highest mountain and the deepest, longest valley in the solar system. Olympus Mons is roughly 17 miles (27 kilometers) high, about three times as tall as Mount Everest, while the Valles Marineris system of valleys — named after the Mariner 9 probe that discovered it in 1971 — reaches as deep as 6 miles (10 km) and runs east-west for roughly 2,500 miles (4,000 km), about one-fifth of the distance around Mars and close to the width of Australia.
Channels, valleys and gullies are found all over Mars, and suggest that liquid water might have flowed across the planet’s surface in recent times. Some channels can be 60 miles (100 km) wide and 1,200 miles (2,000 km) long. Water may still lie in cracks and pores in underground rock. A study by scientists in 2018 suggested that salty water below the Martian surface could hold a considerable amount of oxygen, which would support microbial life. However, the amount of oxygen depends on temperature and pressure; temperature changes on Mars from time to time as the tilt of its rotation axis shifts.
1. Mars is the ______ planet from the sun.
A. 2th
B. 3th
C. 4th
D. 5th
2. “Her Desher” is another name of Mars given by ______.
A. the Romans
B. the ancient Chinese
C. the ancient Greeks
D. the Egyptians
3. Why does the Martian surface look red?
A. Because the iron minerals in its regolith oxidize, or rust.
B. Because its cold, thin atmosphere cannot hold liquid water.
C. Because the sunlight makes it look red.
D. Because the iron-rich minerals are rusted by liquid water.
4. Which one of the following cannot be found on the surface of Mars?
A. Mountains.
B. Valleys.
C. Channels.
D. Oceans.
5. Which statement is NOT true according to the passage?
A. The Valles Marineris system of valleys was discovered in 1971.
B. Olympus Mons was named after the probe that discovered it.
C. Water may lie in cracks and pores in the underground rock of Mars.
D. On Mars, the amount of oxygen depends on temperature and pressure.
【1】C【解析】根据第一段第一句话With Earth, Venus and other planets, Mars is the fourth one from the sun可知，当中的one指代前半句的planet，由此得出火星是太阳的第四颗行星
【2】D【解析】根据第一段the Egyptians named it “Her Desher”, meaning “the red one” 可知，答案是D
【3】A【解析】根据第二段The bright rust (锈) color Mars is known for is due to iron-rich minerals in its regolith (表皮土) — the loose dust and rock covering its surface. According to NASA, the iron minerals oxidize, or rust, causing the soil to look red可知，答案是A
【4】D【解析】根据第三段第一句话The Red Planet is home to both the highest mountain and the deepest, longest valley in the solar system以及第四段Channels, valleys and gullies are found all over Mars, and suggest that liquid water might have flowed across the planet’s surface in recent times可知，火星表层有mountains, channels以及valleys，所以答案是D
【5】B【解析】根据第三段while the Valles Marineris system of valleys — named after the Mariner 9 probe that discovered it in 1971可知，以探查者命名的不是Olympus Mons，而是Valles Marineris
火星，作为太阳系的第四颗行星，其独特的地质特征和潜在的水资源使其成为探索生命存在可能性的重点。尽管火星表面严酷、缺乏液态水，但通过科学研究，仍有证据表明地下可能存在盐水，这为微生物生命的存在提供了希望。未来的探测任务将进一步揭示火星的奥秘，助力人类对宇宙和生命起源的理解。
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